Teacher Trainers’ Readiness and Perceptions of Critical Thinking Instructional Practices in Morocco
Keywords:
Critical Thinking in Morocco, Education Quality, Teacher TrainingAbstract
This study explores teacher trainers’ readiness and practices of critical thinking in the EFL classroom. A case study approach was set out to understand this phenomenon in depth, supported by a questionnaire to collect data. The findings indicated that teacher trainers are aware of the importance of incorporating critical thinking in their classrooms. However, the application of CR in the EFL classroom is still vague to the participants, as most of them did not receive any focused training on CR practice in the EFL classroom. Yet the lack of professional development, a well-rounded curriculum, and large classes are among the major obstacles that may prevent instructors from using this pedagogical element in their instructional practices.References
Albergaria-Almeida, P., Teixeira-Dias, J. & Martinho, M. (2011). How can critical thinking be recognized in the classroom? In C. P. Horvath & J.M. Forte (Eds.) Critical thinking (pp. 141-157). Nova Science Publishers.
Ananiadou, K., & M. Claro. (2009). 21st century skills and competences for new millennium learners in OECD countries. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 41, OECD Publishing. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/218525261154
Arisoy, B., & Aybek, B. (2021). The effects of subject-based critical thinking education in mathematics on students’ critical thinking skills and virtues. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 21(92). https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.92.6
Bataineh, O., & Alazzi, K. F. (2009). Perceptions of Jordanian Secondary Schools Teachers towardsCritical Thinking. International education, 38(2), 4.
Benesch, S. (1999). Thinking critically, thinking dialogically. TESOL Quarterly, 33(3), 573-580. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587682
Bhat, A. Z., Naidu, V. R., & Singh, B. (2019). Multimedia cloud for higher education establishments: A reflection. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 691-698. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2285-3_81
Bloom, B. (1956). The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Ann Arbor, David Mckay.
Bouziane, A. (2020). Moroccan Middle-School, Secondary and Tertiary EFL Teaching Staff Perceptions and Instruction of Critical Thinking. European Journal of English Language Teaching.
Burbules, N. C. (1993). Dialogue in teaching: Theory and practice. Teachers College Press.
Che, F.S. (2002). Teaching critical thinking skills in a Hong Kong secondary school. Asia Pacific Education Review, 3(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03024923
Chouari, A., & Nachit, M. (2016). Teaching and assessing 21st century critical thinking skills in Morocco: A case study. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 7(4).
Cottrell, S. (2005). Critical thinking skills: Effective analysis, argument and reflection. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2004). Principles of qualitative research: Designing a qualitative study. Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson Education, Inc.
Davidson, B. W. (1998). Comments on Dwight Atkinson's" A critical approach to critical thinking in TESOL": A case for critical thinking in the English language classroom. TESOL quarterly, 32(1), 119-123.
Dennicka, R. G., & Exley, K. (1998). Teaching and learning in groups and teams. Biochemical Education, 26(2), 111-115.
Elyas, T., & Al-Zahrani, B. S. (2019). The impact of critical thinking on learners’ EFL vocabulary retention: The Arab context. Indonesian EFL Journal, 5(2), 11-30. doi: 10.25134/ieflj.v5i2.1901.
Ennis, R. H. (2018). Critical thinking across the curriculum: A vision. Topoi, 37(1), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-016-9401-4
Ennis, R. H. (1989). Critical thinking and subject specificity: Clarification and needed research. Educational Researcher, 18(3), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X018003004
Facione, P. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction (The Delphi Report).
Halpern, D. (1998). Teaching critical thinking for transfer across domains: Dispositions, skills, structure training, and metacognitive monitoring. American Psychologist, 53(4), 449-455. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.53.4.449
Halvorsen, A. (2005). Incorporating critical thinking skills development into ESL/EFL courses. The internet TESL journal, 11(3), 1-5.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences. Sage.
Holmes, N. G., Wieman, C. E., & Bonn, D. (2015). Teaching critical thinking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(36), 11199-11204.
Innabi, H., & Sheikh, O.E. (2007). The change in mathematics teachers’ perceptions of critical thinking after 15 years of educational reform in Jordan. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 64, 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10649-005-9017-x
Jeevanantham, L. S. (2005). Why teach critical thinking?.
Kabilan, M. K. (2000). Creative and critical thinking in language classrooms. The Internet TESL Journal, 6(6), 1-3.
Kalekin-Fishman, D., David Silverman (2001). Interpreting qualitative data: methods for analysing talk, text and interaction. In Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research (Vol. 2, No. 3).
Kitchenham, A. (2008). The evolution of John Mezirow's transformative learning theory. Journal of transformative education, 6(2), 104-123.
Kurfiss, J. G. (1988). Critical Thinking: Theory, Research, Practice, and Possibilities. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 2, 1988. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Reports, The George Washington University, One Dupont Circle, Suite 630, Dept. RC, Washington, DC 20036-1183.
Kusaka, L. L., & Robertson, M. (2006). Beyond language: Creating opportunities for authentic communication and critical thinking. ?????, 14, 21-38.
Lamm, A. J., &Irani, T. (2011). UFCTI manual. Gainesville: University of Florida.
Marin, L. M., & Halpern, D. F. (2011). Pedagogy for developing critical thinking in adolescents: Explicit instruction produces greatest gains. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 6(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2010.08.002
Merriam, S. B. (2015). Qualitative research: Designing, implementing, and publishing a study. In Handbook of research on scholarly publishing and research methods (pp. 125-140). IGI Global.
Moss, G. (2004). Teacher-students dialogue to promote critical thinking. Middle School Journal, 35(5), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00940771.2004.11461450
Mustofa, M., Ubaidillah, M. F., Harianti, L. R., & Efendi, E. (2020, December). Critical thinking skills in EFL learning: what and how?. In International Conference on English Language Teaching.
Orlich, D.C. et al. (2013). Theaching Strategies: A Guide to Effective Instruction (10thed.). USA: Wadsworth cengage learning
Oster, L. (2001). Using the think-aloud for reading instruction. The Reading Teacher, 55(1), 64-69.
Paul, R. W., Elder, L., & Bartell, T. (1997). California teacher preparation for instruction in critical thinking: Research findings and policy recommendations.
Rai, J., Tripathi, R. C., & Gulati, N. (2020). A comparative study of implementing innovation in education sector due to COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMART50582.2020.9337148.
Saeger, K. J. (2014). The development of critical thinking skills in undergraduate students.
Simpson, A. (1996). Critical questions: Whose questions?. The reading teacher, 50(2), 118-127.
Sobkowiak, P. (2016). Critical thinking in the intercultural context: Investigating EFL textbooks. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 6(4), 697-716.
Stapleton, P. (2011). A survey of attitudes towards critical thinking among Hong Kong secondary school teachers: Implications for policy change. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 6(1), 14-23.
Thurman, B. A. (2009). Teaching of critical thinking skills in the English content area in South Dakota public high schools and colleges. University of South Dakota.
Tseng, S. (2020). Using concept mapping activities to enhance students’ critical thinking skills at a high school in Taiwan. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 29(3), 249-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40299-019- 00474-0
Yeh, Y. (2011). A four-component instructional model for teacher training in critical-thinking instruction: Its effectiveness and influential factors. In C. P. Horvath & J. M. Forte (Eds.), Critical thinking (pp. 141-157). Nova Science Publishers.
Yeh, Y. C., Peng, Y. Y., & Lin, C. F. (2011, October). Employing a blended km model to improve university student’critical thinking. In E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 2132-2136). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License apply to all published manuscripts. This Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This licence allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs and other platforms by providing appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
A competing interest exists when professional judgment concerning the validity of research is influenced by a secondary interest, such as financial gain. We require that our authors reveal all possible conflicts of interest in their submitted manuscripts.
The Editor reserves the right to shorten and adjust texts. Significant changes in the text will be agreed with the Authors.